Section 1: Ownership

PSB (Public Service Broadcasting):

• Programmes are made for the public - there are no advertisements. 
• Public service broadcasters generally transmit programming that aims to improve society by informing viewers
• PSB also strive to entertain viewers
• The BBC is a good example of a PSB
• Remit - the responsibility of a programme 
• BBC remit - to enrich peoples lives with programmes and services that inform, educate and entertain
• 'To reflect the UK, its culture and values to the world' - BBC remit

Funding

• 75% of BBC's funding comes from the license fee (£147 colour and £49.50 black and white)
• 25% goes towards commercial activities: e.g. worldwide sales of its programmes, publications such as Radio Times, Good Food etc.

Structure of BBC

• BBC is a cross-media organisation - one of the largest in Europe
• This means it is vertically and horizontally integrated

Vertical integration: A media company has the ability to control the production, distribution and exchange (consumption) of a product.

Horizontal integration: A media company has a number of subsidiary companies that are used to support the marketing of its products.

BBC Case Study - 'Doctor Who'

Their online website features horizontal integration. They advertise the channels output and promote other programmes.

• Synergy - Companies that are both vertically and horizontally integrated are able to create synergy across their output.
• This means they are able to promote their output - e.g Doctor Who.                                             Doctor Who is advertised across a range of different media via horizontal integration.

Advertised through: 

1. BBC website and Twitter feed (Online)
2. Radio Times magazine (Print media)
3. Different channels BBC1, 2, 3, 4 (TV channels)
4. Range of Doctor Who merchandise available to buy (Merchandising)

Time shifting

When something is broadcast and then stored to be viewed at a later time. It is from a parent company.
For example: ITV is shown and then shown again an hour later.
This also applies for radio shows. 

Textual analysis

The Avengers scene


The starting scene in the clip begins with a dissolving transition of a black screen into a blue mist. This could represent the cold nature of the scene and possibly the violence that is about to come soon.
The first sound is a non-diegetic parallel sound of the music in the background. This is a dark gloomy type of music which is very sinister. This is parallel because the blue cold imagery goes hand in hand with it.
The camera movement shutters when the parallel sound of something zooms past. This could reflect the pace of the movement and the power it holds.

Next, there is an extreme close up shot of two hand clinching each other, as if something life threatening is going to happen. This emphasises the danger ahead and compliments the dark music that goes with it.
When everyone starts running the camera movement is extremely shaky and tilted. This is used because it shows the audience how it feels to be part of the scene. It is also an eye-level shot which further demonstrates the atmosphere and what it would be like in their situation - as if the viewer is there too. There is a non-diegetic sound of someone in the speakers exclaiming "we are under attack". This isn't visible in the scene, although it is a parallel sound because it has to do with what is happening in the scene.
There are four cuts when this starts happening which are extremely quick. This could illustrate the urgency for movement and the insecurity of the location.

18 seconds into the clip, there is a cut where it moves into an explosion of a vehicle racing out of a forest. This is a dolly movement, because the camera is strapped to a vehicle following the one in sight. This is used to show the audience exactly what is happening there as it is still able to keep up with the movement. It is a long shot which shows the whole person and vehicle along with some surrounding to depict what the place looks like for the viewer. The camera angle is quite low when the scene starts. This is because they are trying to make the superhero in the vehicle important and more superior to others, showcasing their power throughout. There are a few sounds in this scene including the fired shots. These are diegetic sounds because they are directly seen on screen. Another sound is the music played. This is a non-diegetic sound, but it is parallel because it is tense music which goes with the tense fighting in the scene. Sound effects have been used for the jumping of characters, the guns and the robotic enemies.

Continuity editing is used because the next scene follows the previous one. As a character leaps from a vehicle to another place, the camera follows him. This is so the audience don't lose out on any of the action from start to finish. Similar diegetic and non diegetic sounds are used for the same reasons as the previous scene, as there is extended fighting.

More continuity editing follows as the next scene sees this character jump off onto the floor and another character steals the limelight. However, the scene is continued and there are no cuts in-between. This again reflects how the audience doesn't miss any action throughout. There is a plethora of diegetic sounds such as the engine revving, the gun shots and the grunts from the characters. These are all within the viewing of the scene.

Lastly, another bit of continuity editing as there is an explosion and another superhero grabs the exploded vehicle and the camera attention is on him. Throughout the clip, superheroes are flipping between each other within the same scene. Most of the camera angles are low to show the superiority of the superheros, however there are some high angles which showcases the scene from a birds eye view angle so the audience is able to put it into perspective. It is all dolly shot, as the camera is constantly moving with the characters everywhere they go.